{
  "id": "kukkuma",
  "name": "Kukkuma (small Hausa one-string bowed spike fiddle)",
  "family": "bowed",
  "class": "bowed_spike_fiddle",
  "axes": {
    "pitchFix": -1,
    "sustain": 2,
    "polyphony": -2,
    "harmonicity": -1,
    "register": 1,
    "range": -1,
    "articulation": 1,
    "transduction": -2,
    "dynamics": -1
  },
  "short": "kukkuma",
  "parts": [
    {
      "id": "bowed_technique",
      "name": "Bow technique",
      "variants": [
        {
          "id": "bowed_legato_classical",
          "default": true,
          "name": "Classical legato",
          "descriptors": [
            "legato",
            "sustained"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "sustained-tone",
            "classical",
            "classical-trained"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "classical"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "_fromFamily": true
    },
    {
      "id": "kukkuma_ensemble",
      "name": "Ensemble",
      "variants": [
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_ensemble_solo_voice",
          "default": true,
          "name": "Solo fiddle with self-accompanied singing",
          "descriptors": [
            "intimate",
            "vocal-shadowing",
            "light"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "one-string",
            "vocal-accompaniment"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "west_africa",
            "hausa"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_ensemble_kalangu",
          "name": "With kalangu hourglass talking drum",
          "descriptors": [
            "driving",
            "conversational",
            "rhythmic"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "ensemble",
            "dance-driving"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "west_africa",
            "hausa"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_ensemble_kwarya",
          "name": "With kwarya struck-calabash percussion group",
          "descriptors": [
            "festive",
            "percussive",
            "communal"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "ensemble",
            "dance-pulse"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "west_africa",
            "dance"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kukkuma_repertoire",
      "name": "Repertoire",
      "variants": [
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_repertoire_dance",
          "default": true,
          "name": "Light secular dance entertainment",
          "descriptors": [
            "secular",
            "festive",
            "driving"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "dance-driving",
            "one-string"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "entertainment",
            "dance"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_repertoire_kirari",
          "name": "Itinerant praise-singing (kirari)",
          "descriptors": [
            "declamatory",
            "narrative",
            "responsive"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "vocal-accompaniment",
            "speech-derived"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "praise",
            "itinerant"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_repertoire_popular",
          "name": "Modern Hausa popular song (20th-century urban lineage)",
          "descriptors": [
            "urban",
            "projecting",
            "modern"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "lead-melody"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "popular",
            "modern"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kukkuma_material",
      "name": "Membrane and string material",
      "variants": [
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_material_lizard_horsehair",
          "default": true,
          "name": "Monitor-lizard skin over half-calabash, bundled-horsehair string",
          "descriptors": [
            "lizard-skin",
            "calabash-resonator",
            "buzzy"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "rough-tone",
            "horsehair-string"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "gourd-body",
            "traditional"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_material_goat",
          "name": "Goatskin membrane",
          "descriptors": [
            "goatskin",
            "warm",
            "mellow"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "rough-tone"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "gourd-body"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_material_nylon",
          "name": "Modern nylon string",
          "descriptors": [
            "nylon-modern",
            "smoother",
            "brighter"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "nylon-string"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "modern"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kukkuma_bowing",
      "name": "Bowing register",
      "variants": [
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_bowing_high_ostinato",
          "default": true,
          "name": "High nasal ostinato — the small fiddle of the Hausa pair, above the larger goge",
          "descriptors": [
            "nasal",
            "high-pitched",
            "insistent"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "ostinato",
            "nasal-tone"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "hausa",
            "west_africa"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_bowing_vocal_doubling",
          "name": "Sustained vocal doubling",
          "descriptors": [
            "vocal-shadowing",
            "singing",
            "expressive"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "vocal-imitating",
            "sustained-tone"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "praise"
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "_ownParts": [
    {
      "id": "kukkuma_ensemble",
      "name": "Ensemble",
      "variants": [
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_ensemble_solo_voice",
          "default": true,
          "name": "Solo fiddle with self-accompanied singing",
          "descriptors": [
            "intimate",
            "vocal-shadowing",
            "light"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "one-string",
            "vocal-accompaniment"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "west_africa",
            "hausa"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_ensemble_kalangu",
          "name": "With kalangu hourglass talking drum",
          "descriptors": [
            "driving",
            "conversational",
            "rhythmic"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "ensemble",
            "dance-driving"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "west_africa",
            "hausa"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_ensemble_kwarya",
          "name": "With kwarya struck-calabash percussion group",
          "descriptors": [
            "festive",
            "percussive",
            "communal"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "ensemble",
            "dance-pulse"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "west_africa",
            "dance"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kukkuma_repertoire",
      "name": "Repertoire",
      "variants": [
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_repertoire_dance",
          "default": true,
          "name": "Light secular dance entertainment",
          "descriptors": [
            "secular",
            "festive",
            "driving"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "dance-driving",
            "one-string"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "entertainment",
            "dance"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_repertoire_kirari",
          "name": "Itinerant praise-singing (kirari)",
          "descriptors": [
            "declamatory",
            "narrative",
            "responsive"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "vocal-accompaniment",
            "speech-derived"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "praise",
            "itinerant"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_repertoire_popular",
          "name": "Modern Hausa popular song (20th-century urban lineage)",
          "descriptors": [
            "urban",
            "projecting",
            "modern"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "lead-melody"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "popular",
            "modern"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kukkuma_material",
      "name": "Membrane and string material",
      "variants": [
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_material_lizard_horsehair",
          "default": true,
          "name": "Monitor-lizard skin over half-calabash, bundled-horsehair string",
          "descriptors": [
            "lizard-skin",
            "calabash-resonator",
            "buzzy"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "rough-tone",
            "horsehair-string"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "gourd-body",
            "traditional"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_material_goat",
          "name": "Goatskin membrane",
          "descriptors": [
            "goatskin",
            "warm",
            "mellow"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "rough-tone"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "gourd-body"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_material_nylon",
          "name": "Modern nylon string",
          "descriptors": [
            "nylon-modern",
            "smoother",
            "brighter"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "nylon-string"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "modern"
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "kukkuma_bowing",
      "name": "Bowing register",
      "variants": [
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_bowing_high_ostinato",
          "default": true,
          "name": "High nasal ostinato — the small fiddle of the Hausa pair, above the larger goge",
          "descriptors": [
            "nasal",
            "high-pitched",
            "insistent"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "ostinato",
            "nasal-tone"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "hausa",
            "west_africa"
          ]
        },
        {
          "id": "kukkuma_bowing_vocal_doubling",
          "name": "Sustained vocal doubling",
          "descriptors": [
            "vocal-shadowing",
            "singing",
            "expressive"
          ],
          "match_tokens": [
            "bowed",
            "vocal-imitating",
            "sustained-tone"
          ],
          "canonical_tags": [
            "praise"
          ]
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}